part of geology which deals with the structure of the earth's crust caused by orogenic deformations (dislocations, folds, fracturations).

Shaped like a doughnut. Of, relating to, or shaped like a torus or toroid: doughnut shaped. A toroid is an annular shape generated by revolving a circle around an axis external to the circle.

equipotential surface which (approximately) coincides with the mean ocean surface. It is often referred to as a close representation or physical model of the figure of the Earth. It is that equipotential surface (surface of fixed potential value) which coincides on average with mean sea level.

minimal distance between the Earth and the Sun on the Earth elliptical orbit around the Sun.

piece of rock originating in outer space, fallen on the surface of the Earth.

etymology meaning whiteness - is the measurement that defines the capacity of a body to reflect the incident electromagnetic radiation from a source such as the Sun. It is admitted that the snow usually reflect the totality of the solar radiation has the highest albedo of 0.9 or 1 while a black body has an albedo of 0 reflects zero percent of the i [..]

system composed of satellites in orbit around the Earth enabling the positioning of any point on the Earth using a simple receiver. Today accuracy open to everybody is of a few dozen of meters. Europe has recently decided to launch the Galileo project which is a direct rival to the American GPS